High-order nanofluidic spiking encoding

High-order memristor is needed in neuromorphic engineering for sophisticated neural encoding. Progress has been made in solid-state memristor with electronic dynamics, which, however, presents a significant disparity with the ionic-chemical signaling in the human brain. Herein, we realize high-order nanofluidic spiking encoding based on synergizing the high porosity for non-linear ion transport, light responsibility for optical sensing, and catalytic chemistry for biological perception of a multifunctional covalent organic framework under nanoconfinement. The unique multimodal responses make possible the co-encoded spiking by electricity, light and real neurotransmitter glutamate in the physiological media, leading to the significantly enriched synaptic plasticity towards high-order spiking encoding behaviors, i.e. the rate encoding, time-to-first-spike encoding, rate and temporal fusion encoding, and history-dependent spiking encoding. It is expected to be a starting point for high-order nanofluidic spiking encoding.