Current Advances in Biomaterials for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy

Glioblastoma (GBM) constitutes the most prevalent malignant neoplasm within the central nervous system, representing 12%–15% of intracranial malignant neoplasms. GBM is characterized by molecular heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance, which significantly impair survival prognosis of patients. The current standard treatment regimen involves surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the invasive growth pattern of GBM renders current therapeutic approaches only capable of achieving alleviation of local symptoms and tumor volume reduction, thus impeding the complete eradication of malignant cells and curative efficacy. Biomaterial-enhanced immunotherapy has shown promise as a therapeutic approach owing to its notable therapeutic response rate and favorable safety profile. This therapy effectively impedes tumor progression by precisely modulating the cellular and molecular network of the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review examines the potential mechanisms involved in GBM therapy, with a specific focus on biomaterial-enhanced tumor immunity. Moreover, the review also summarizes immune cell phenotype reprogramming, reversed remodeling of the TME, and the efficacy of synergistic immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) to elicit endogenous antitumor immune responses. Consequently, this in-depth elucidation of synergistic mechanisms between biomaterials and immunotherapy will provide a scientific foundation for the development of a novel generation of immunotherapy regimens for patients with GBM.