Co‐evolution of social learning and plurality of values in the multiple‐use of forests in Sweden

In Sweden, where clear‐cut forestry dominates, a growing number of family forest owners and entrepreneurs are exploring and embracing alternative, less intensive forest uses, such as continuous cover forestry, forest tourism, foraging, or craft production. However, little is known about the values and learning processes that underpin how and why these practitioners adopt and sustain such multiple‐use forest practices. This study explores how social learning and nature values co‐evolve as multiple‐use forest practitioners initiate and develop their practices. The study draws on qualitative, semi‐structured interviews and observations with 75 Swedish multiple‐use forest practitioners. Three broad practitioner types were identified: inheritors , lifestylers and vision‐driven entrepreneurs , based on forest ownership situation and underlying motivations for starting multiple‐use practices. For each practitioner type, social learning trajectories and the interplay with the plurality of values were analysed. Inheritors learn through intergenerational stewardship and trust‐based local networks. Lifestylers learn experientially, integrating well‐being, care and ecological sensitivity into their livelihoods. Vision‐driven entrepreneurs combine creativity and innovation across sectors, linking forest‐based enterprises with education, design and cultural regeneration. Findings demonstrate that social learning is deeply intertwined with how values are enacted and transformed in practice. Across all types, relational values such as care, reciprocity, and responsibility emerge as central to how practitioners' multiple‐use of forests underpins their practices over time. Intrinsic values are less frequently articulated but become evident when forests are described as inherently worthy of protection. The findings highlight that learning and value formation are mutually reinforcing and central to the development of sustainable forest relationships. The study shows how multiple‐use of forests has the potential for social learning and value plurality to foster adaptive and diversified forest practices. However, these initiatives often remain economically fragile and institutionally unsupported. Strengthening meso‐level institutions, advisory systems and collaborative learning networks is essential for enabling a transformative shift in forest governance that recognizes diverse nature values, supports innovation and enhances both ecological and social resilience. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.