The Dynamics of Islamic Ethical Thought from Classical Scholars to Contemporary Muslim Thinkers and Its Implications for Islamic Religious Education

Islamic ethical thought (akhlāq) provides essential foundations for moral development, yet its relationship with contemporary Islamic Religious Education (IRE) requires an integrated understanding of classical principles and current educational challenges. This study aimed to examine the historical development of Islamic ethical thought from classical scholars to contemporary Muslim thinkers, identify continuities and differences in their perspectives, and analyze their implications for IRE. A qualitative library-based research design was employed through a structured review of relevant scholarly literature and documentary analysis. The collected literature was examined using qualitative content analysis and comparative thematic synthesis to identify recurring ethical concepts, approaches to moral formation, educational objectives, and contemporary applications. The findings reveal three interconnected dimensions of Islamic ethical thought: normative ethical foundations, processes of moral cultivation, and contextual adaptation. Classical perspectives emphasize the complementary roles of rational reflection, spiritual purification, virtue, and habituation, while contemporary scholarship extends these principles to character education, digital ethics, religious moderation, and collaboration among families, schools, and communities. Despite differences in emphasis, both classical and contemporary approaches underscore the importance of integrating ethical understanding with consistent conduct and social responsibility. Based on this synthesis, the study proposes an integrative conceptual framework connecting ethical foundations, educational objectives and curriculum, pedagogical practices, collaborative learning environments, and intended moral outcomes. The study concludes that IRE can benefit from combining moral reasoning, spiritual development, exemplary conduct, habituation, and reflective learning. However, the proposed framework requires empirical examination to establish its applicability and educational effectiveness across diverse contexts.