Response characteristics of multi-source information and disaster evolution mechanism of roadway rockburst induced by dynamic stress waves

The high-energy dynamic load released by the fracturing of high-position thick-hard roof is a critical catalyst for inducing rockburst instability in deep roadways. In this study, a self-developed large-scale true-triaxial static–dynamic physical simulation system was used to conduct meter-scale physical model experiments under different impact energy levels. Multi-source monitoring data, including stress, strain, acoustic emission (AE), electromagnetic radiation (EMR), and electrical resistivity, were synchronously collected to unveil the response characteristics and the disaster evolution mechanism of roadway rockburst induced by dynamic stress waves. The results demonstrate that as the impact energy level increases, the macro-failure of the surrounding rock evolves from static-dominated fracture propagation to dynamic-static combined local damage, and eventually to dynamic-dominated global rockburst instability. Apparent resistivity inversion reveals a spatial evolution pattern where the damage zone expands from localized high-resistance areas to a model-wide interconnected network. Both dynamic stress and peak strain of the surrounding rock exhibit non-linear growth with increasing impact energy. Under high-energy impacts, the dynamic stress follows a “rise-plateau-sharp rise-fall” two-stage non-linear growth pattern, accompanied by an instantaneous transition from compressive to tensile strain. This reveals a tension-shear composite progressive secondary failure mechanism. Furthermore, AE and EMR signals evolve from single-peak instantaneous to double-peak continuous characteristics as the energy level rises, serving as characteristic indicators of the transition from local damage to global catastrophe. The response of the surrounding rock structure to dynamic stress is divided into two stages: plastic dissipation and progressive failure. A Rockburst Dynamic Failure Index η is defined as the ratio of the dynamic pressure to the static failure pressure of the surrounding rock, which is equivalent to the ratio of the impact kinetic energy to the plastic energy dissipated during the loading stage. Based on this, rockbursts are categorized into three types: high static load-dominated (1 ~ 2), dynamic-static coupled (2 ~ 100), and dynamic load-dominated (≥ 100). Finally, a feature-level and decision-level multi-source information fusion warning model, integrating stress, deformation, AE, EMR, and resistivity, was constructed. These findings provide essential experimental support and a theoretical basis for the mechanism analysis and monitoring of dynamic load-induced rockburst.