An Updated Review of Blue Light Effects on Ocular Diseases

Blue light, a high-energy component of the visible spectrum (400–480 nm), has been explored for its potential involvement in various ocular conditions, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa (RP), and cataract formation. This narrative review examines the potential mechanisms by which blue light exposure may influence the initiation and progression of these diseases, drawing on evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and selected clinical studies. Experimental findings suggest that shorter blue wavelengths (435–450 nm) can increase oxidative stress in retinal cells under specific exposure conditions, potentially contributing to AMD-related pathological changes. In RP models, blue light has been linked to photoreceptor vulnerability, while blue-light filtering strategies have been explored for potential visual and circadian benefits. Regarding cataracts, laboratory studies indicate that prolonged exposure to certain blue wavelengths (455–463 nm) may promote lens protein aggregation and inflammatory responses. However, outcomes appear to depend strongly on intensity and biological context. Blue-light-filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) and optical filters have been proposed as protective interventions, although their long-term clinical benefits remain under investigation. Overall, current evidence suggests that the biological effects of blue light are influenced by wavelength, irradiance, intensity, and cell susceptibility. Further standardized exposure protocols and well-designed clinical studies are needed to clarify its role in long-term ocular health.