Phytochemical-Assisted Synthesis of GM-MgO NPs from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Derived Dye: Structural Insights and Biological Applications

This study reports an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of Garcinia mangostana L. leaf dye-derived magnesium oxide nanoparticles (GM-MgO NPs) using a natural dye extracted from G. mangostana L. leaves. The synthesized GM-MgO NPs were characterized using SEM, EDX, XRD, UV-Vis and FTIR to evaluate their morphology and structural properties. Microscopic analysis revealed the rod-like nanostructures, while elemental and diffraction studies confirmed the formation of crystalline and phase-pure MgO nanorods with an average crystallite size of 52.2 nm. FTIR analysis indicated that the phytochemical constituents present in the G. mangostana leaf dye extract played a key role in the GM-MgO NPs formation by acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biological potential of the synthesized GM-MgO NPs was assessed. The GM-MgO NPs exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, moderate antioxidant capacity and measurable cytotoxicity effects, with IC50 values of 56.44 µg/mL, 287.34 µg/mL and 99.06 µg/mL, respectively. The GM-MgO NPs showed stronger antifungal activity against C. albicans than antibacterial activity against E. coli, likely due to their nanoscale properties and surface-bound phytochemicals.