Coastal Disaster Evacuation Assessment in the Coastal Mpa Setting of Pariaman City, Indonesia: Integrating Ptva-3, Gis Network Analysis, and Marine–coastal Activity Nodes

Pariaman City is the second coastal municipality in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia, after Padang City.Geographically, Pariaman City is fronted by a chain of small offshore islands facing the Indian Ocean, namely Angso Duo, Kasiak, Tangah, Ujung, and Gosong Sibarat, which are part of the marine protected area (MPA) and support conservation, navigation, and coastal tourism.This study assesses evacuation accessibility, Vertical Evacuation Shelter (VES) suitability, Tsunami Evacuation Route (TER) connectivity, and Final Evacuation Site (FES) availability in Pariaman City using the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Version 3 (PTVA-3) and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based network analysis.40 existing buildings were assessed as candidate VES, and 28 horizontal evacuation routes were inventoried.Most candidate buildings were classified as having low to medium vulnerability, indicating that several public facilities may support vertical or temporary evacuation.North Pariaman has 7 existing FES, 8 feasible VES, and 15 TER.Central Pariaman has 36 FES and 14 feasible VES, but no TER was identified.South Pariaman has 7 FES, 3 feasible VES, and 1 TER.Evacuation distances range from 233 m to 2,155 m, with estimated travel times between 3 and 35 minutes, while only 6 of 22 route cases fall within the 541 m walking-distance threshold.Overall, effective evacuation planning in Pariaman City must integrate route connectivity, travel time, and shelter suitability with MPA management, particularly through the arrangement of conservation zones, evacuation infrastructure, and coastal tourism spaces.The assessment further indicates that evacuation planning must be connected to the real-life conditions of coastal communities and to activities occurring around the city's uninhabited small offshore islands, because warning response, shelter access, route choice, and evacuation timing are shaped by daily mobility.