The Role of Stem Cells in Cartilage and Bone Regeneration: From Mechanistic Insights to Clinical Translation

Stem cells play a central role in cartilage and bone regeneration through mechanisms such as multi-directional differentiation, paracrine regulation, and microenvironment remodeling. Among them, mesenchymalstem cells(MSCs) are particularly important, asthey promote the formation of cartilage matrix and bone tissue by activating multiple transcriptional networks and signaling pathways. Additionally, stem cells secrete exosomes and growth factors that facilitate angiogenesis, thereby aiding in the repair of damaged tissue in situ. In recent years, stem cell technology has advanced rapidly. Innovations such as single-cell sequencing (SCS) and organoid models have provided valuable platforms for stem cell research and laid the groundwork for translating basic research into clinical applications. However, the clinical application of stem cell therapy still faces challenges, including low survival rates of transplanted cells and the risk of tumorigenesis. Future research will likely focus on precisely regulating the differentiation microenvironment, enhancing the survival of transplanted cells, and accelerating the transition of regenerative medicine from laboratory studies to clinical practice.