Protective role of Melissa officinalis essential oil against iron-induced hepatic and renal alterations: biochemical, histological, and hematological evidence in rats

Numerous biological processes, including oxygen transport, mitochondrial energy production, and cellular proliferation, depend on iron, an essential trace element. However, excessive iron acts as a potent pro-oxidant, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leading to oxidative stress, cellular damage, and organ dysfunction. This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of subacute iron overload and the protective role of Melissa officinalis essential oil in male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups: control, iron-treated, essential oil-treated, and co-treated. Iron was administered as ferrous sulfate (10 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal injection, for five days), while the essential oil was given at 200 mg/kg. The results revealed disturbances in iron metabolism, with decreased transferrin and iron-binding capacity, alongside increased serum iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation. Oxidative stress was evidenced by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, catalase). Hepatic and renal dysfunction was confirmed by increased ASAT, ALAT, urea, and creatinine levels. Histological analysis showed liver sinusoidal congestion and kidney tubular damage. Co-administration of Melissa officinalis essential oil attenuated these alterations, suggesting a protective effect against iron-induced oxidative damage. These findings highlight the critical role of oxidative stress in iron-induced toxicity and demonstrate the potential therapeutic value of Melissa officinalis essential oil in mitigating iron-related organ injury.