Functionality of small-scale biogas plants in Ethiopia: a field study on technical faults, challenges, and enabling factors

Background Renewable energy, particularly biogas, is essential for achieving sustainable development and addressing issues such as energy poverty, environmental damage and health problems in Ethiopia. By 2023, the National Biogas Programme of Ethiopia (NBPE) had installed 46,160 household biogas systems, which are operating at varying levels. This study assesses the functionality of small-scale biogas plants in Ethiopia, focusing on technical flaws and challenges, as well as factors that enable improving of rural energy use. Results Depending on the size of the digester and cooking habits, biogas reduced firewood use by 40–65%. The average methane content was 57.5%, ranging from 54.3% in Ana Lemo to 60.3% in Damot Woyde. Of the 243 biogas plants, 27.1% were fully operational, 19.8% were partially operational and 53.1% were not operational. Only 27.2% of users received post-construction training, while 68.3% did not receive any support. Conclusions The main operational challenges included low awareness, shortages of feedstock, poor maintenance, incomplete construction and a lack of support. Improving the operation of biogas systems requires awareness campaigns, technical training, financial aid and innovative designs that are suited to local agroecological conditions. Furthermore, policymakers should develop tailored strategies and ensure robust post-installation support.