IoT-Enabled Real-Time Outdoor Monitoring of Perovskite BIPV System under Real Climatic Conditions

This study presents a first-of-its-kind IoT-enabled outdoor investigation of perovskite Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) subsystems under real environmental operating conditions at Peshawar, Pakistan. Two architecturally distinct perovskite modules, namely Module A (300 cm2) and Module B (500 cm2), were independently integrated within a common BIPV envelope using separate load configurations of 200 Ω with a green LED and 1 kΩ with a red LED, respectively. An IoT-based monitoring framework incorporating INA219 current–voltage sensors, SHT31 temperature–humidity sensing, TSL2561 irradiance monitoring, DS3231 real-time clock synchronization and SD card data logging was developed to continuously acquire synchronized electrical and environmental datasets from October 2025 to January 2026. During the transition from autumn to winter, solar irradiance decreased from approximately 48–59 mW cm−2 to 32–35 mW cm−2, while ambient temperature declined from nearly 30–32°C to 13–14°C, accompanied by an increase in relative humidity from ∼25–36% to ∼64–66%. Under these conditions, Module A exhibited substantial degradation, with conversion efficiency decreasing from ∼4.8% to ∼2.18%, primarily due to environmental exposure, moisture ingress and encapsulation related instability associated with its segmented multi-cell architecture. In contrast, Module B demonstrated comparatively superior operational stability, maintaining efficiencies between ∼7.34% and ∼6.12% owing to its monolithic structure, enhanced encapsulation integrity and improved resistance to humidity-induced degradation and low-irradiance operation. The findings highlight the critical interplay between environmental conditions, device architecture and encapsulation quality in determining the long-term outdoor stability of perovskite BIPV systems, and demonstrate the practical feasibility of integrating semi-transparent perovskite solar windows into sustainable energy-efficient buildings.