Prevalence and associated factors of umbilical hernia among Nigerian post-neonatal infants: A prospective cross-sectional study

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of umbilical hernia development in Nigerian infants aged 1–12 months. Umbilical hernias are disproportionately common among populations of African descent and may present as surgical emergencies. Identifying modifiable risk factors is therefore essential, particularly in Black populations, to inform preventive strategies and reduce associated morbidity. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at two tertiary centres in Southwestern Nigeria. Consecutive infants attending outpatient and immunisation clinics were enrolled. Sociodemographic characteristics, cord care practices, and relevant clinical variables were assessed. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed, and predictors of umbilical hernia development were identified. Results: A total of 159 babies were evaluated with M: F-1:1. Umbilical hernias were recorded in 27 (17%). 158 (99.4%) of infants had 70% alcohol for cord care. The mean duration of cord separation was 7.74±3.46 days. The risk of umbilical hernia occurrence increased in those with umbilical stump infections (p=0.03), (OR=5.85; CI:4.15-8.25) and those with a positive family history of umbilical hernia (p<0.001) (OR=13.29, CI:4.57-38.64) Conclusion: We found a 17% prevalence rate of umbilical hernia, which is relatively low in an African population. Umbilical stump infection (omphalitis) and positive family history of umbilical hernia are factors associated with the occurrence of umbilical hernia development in Nigerian post-neonatal infants.