Legal Reconstruction of Household Waste Management in Indonesia for Regulatory Harmonization and Effectiveness

Household waste management requires alignment between waste reduction duties, public services, financing, and supervision. Recent developments in waste-to-energy policy and environmental enforcement make it necessary to reassess the relationship between these instruments. This article examines Indonesia's regulatory framework, identifies harmonisation issues, and proposes legal reconstruction to strengthen the conditions for effective household waste management. It employs doctrinal legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by systematic and purposive interpretation. The analysis identifies three principal issues: continuity between source separation duties and collection services; differences in the orientation and time horizons of waste reduction and energy recovery policies; and the integration of producer financing, local services, and supervision. These differences do not invariably constitute legal conflicts, but may generate implementation tensions when translated into disconnected indicators and contracts. The article proposes an auditable chain of obligations encompassing separate collection standards, material-flow reporting, measurable producer responsibility, and enforcement tailored to legal authority and the nature of violations. Its contribution lies in linking normative harmonisation to implementation design, including Presidential Regulation Number 109 of 2025 and Minister of Environment/Environmental Control Agency Regulation Number 6 of 2026. The findings concern normative conditions for effectiveness rather than demonstrated behavioural or environmental outcomes.