Ship-shore energy systems for maritime electrification: Voyage-energy provision, configurations and resilience

Maritime decarbonisation requires a shift towards low- and zero-emission energy systems, while the viability of electrified vessels depends on how voyage energy is provided onboard and replenished externally. Existing reviews mainly organise the field around technologies, vessel configurations and replenishment solutions, with less attention to how energy provision and system constraints shift across the ship-shore system. We reviewed literature published primarily from 2000 to 2026 on onboard capability, external replenishment, ship-shore coordination and resilience, and synthesised these areas through the perspective of voyage-energy provision. The review identifies two energy-supply pathways. Shore-electric operation relies on sustained external electricity supply, while fuel-carried electric operation relies more on onboard fuel storage and conversion. Four representative configurations are distinguished as battery-dominant shore-electric, range-extended hybrid, power-buffered hybrid and fuel-dominant electric. Three illustrative case studies examine how replenishment conditions and onboard capability affect operational feasibility across representative vessel services. As reliance shifts from external supply towards onboard autonomy, the main constraints move from replenishment access and port-side supply capacity towards onboard energy storage and conversion capability. These dependencies also shape vulnerability to physical and cyber disruptions and the continuity of energy services. These findings can support early assessment of likely deployment constraints under different operating and infrastructure conditions and help coordinate vessel and shore-side energy planning.