Heat adaptation in rural municipalities: A cross-sectional study in the Augsburg district, southern Germany

Extreme heat caused by climate change is an increasing public health challenge. While heat adaptation research has largely focused on urban areas, rural regions are often overlooked despite demographic and infrastructural vulnerabilities. Climate projections for the Augsburg district indicate substantial increases in hot days, tropical nights, and heatwaves. This study assesses the current status of heat adaptation in rural municipalities in southern Germany, identifies implementation barriers, and examines the relationship between local risk perceptions and climate projections.A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among all 46 municipalities in the Augsburg district between January and March 2025, yielding 29 complete responses. Municipalities were stratified by size. Descriptive analyses and paired t-tests were performed. Subjective risk perceptions were compared with climate projections from the Climate Service Center Germany (GERICS) and heat-health risk assessments from the AdaptNet project.Results revealed marked size-related differences. Larger municipalities were more likely to implement heat adaptation measures, whereas smaller municipalities frequently perceived little need for action. Nearly half lacked assigned responsibilities for heat adaptation, and health and social expertise was largely absent from planning processes. Climate and vulnerability assessments were often considered unnecessary in smaller communities. Existing measures focused on greening and shading, while Heat Action Plans and stakeholder engagement were rarely implemented. Limited financial and human resources were the main barriers.A substantial gap exists between projected heat risks and local awareness, particularly in smaller municipalities. Clear responsibilities, targeted support and practical guidance are needed to strengthen rural climate resilience and heat adaptation capacity.