2D Material‐Based Photonic Devices for Optical Sensing and Computing

Photonic devices offer broad bandwidth, low‐power operation, and intrinsic parallelism for intelligent sensing and neuromorphic computing. Silicon photonics provides a mature foundation for integrated optical systems. The indirect bandgap and absence of an intrinsic bulk Pockels effect in silicon motivate complementary material integration. Selected two‐dimensional (2D) materials combine atomically thin geometries with strong light–matter interactions and tunable electronic and optical properties. Their diversity allows complementary properties to be combined through van der Waals integration, extending the functionality and dynamic tunability of established photonic platforms. This review summarizes the luminescent, optoelectronic, and nonlinear optical properties of representative 2D materials and discusses recent progress in 2D‐material‐integrated light sources, photodetectors, and optical modulators. Integration strategies based on micro‐transfer printing and in situ epitaxial growth are further examined. Prospects for multidimensional optical sensing and neuromorphic computing are assessed alongside challenges in device performance, interface quality, scalable integration, and complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible manufacturing.