Physicochemical and Microbiological Quality of Household Borehole Water in Garoua Cameroon

Access to safe drinking water remains a major public-health challenge in developing countries, where the consumption of poor-quality water contributes to the prevalence of waterborne diseases. This study assesses the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of borehole water in the city of Garoua (northern Cameroon) and examines user perceptions and practices. The methodology combined a cross-sectional survey of 340 households with laboratory analyses of 34 boreholes. The results reveal a marked reliance on groundwater, with 32.36% of households relying exclusively on boreholes. In physicochemical terms, the water is generally acidic (mean pH of 5.67), with electrical conductivity peaking at 2120 µS/cm, reflecting heterogeneous mineralization. Alarming nitrite concentrations (up to 410 mg/L) were detected, far exceeding drinking-water standards. Microbiologically, although contamination was sporadic, the presence of Escherichia coli at certain water points (F19 and F29) and of fecal streptococci (up to 10 CFU/100 mL) confirms fecal pollution of anthropogenic origin. The study highlights an apparent association between educational attainment and awareness of health risks. However, despite a high level of awareness (91.43%), the vulnerability of boreholes to surface infiltration (from latrines and inadequate waste management) remains a concern. These findings underscore the urgent need for regular water-quality monitoring and improved sanitation infrastructure to protect the health of Garoua’s population.