Natural Convective Behaviors of a Ternary Nanofluid in a Wavy Triangular Enclosure

Natural convection in a wavy triangular cavity containing a ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) composed of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), [Formula: see text], and Co nanoparticles dispersed in water is analyzed. The vertical wavy wall is heated, while the slanted wall is cooled and the horizontal wall is thermally insulated. An appropriate change of coordinate system is used to relate the computational and physical domains. The finite difference method is then utilized to solve the transformed stream function-vorticity equations. The parameters used here are the Rayleigh number, [Formula: see text]; Hartmann number, [Formula: see text]; number of waves, [Formula: see text]; and volume fraction [Formula: see text]. Results show that an escalation in Ra contributes to a great increase in heat transmission and the magnitude of the stream function. However, they demonstrate the opposite tendency for higher Ha. For [Formula: see text], heat transmission and the intensity of the stream function diminish with the consecutive use of nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid, and THNF. As [Formula: see text] increases from 0% to 3%, the average Nusselt number ([Formula: see text]) declines, and a further increase [Formula: see text] provides a slight increase in heat transfer.