Exploratory overview of long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer and diseases: mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and continues to present major challenges in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of cancer biology through their ability to modulate gene expression, cellular signalling pathways, immune responses, and tumour progression. This review highlights the role of lncRNAs in lung cancer, with particular emphasis on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Key lncRNAs, including MALAT1, HOTAIR, and H19, have been associated with tumour metastasis, immune evasion, therapeutic resistance, and genetic dysfunction, such as CFTR-AS1 in drug resistance. By evaluating their molecular functions and clinical implications, we highlight the potential of lncRNAs as biomarkers for early detection and targets for novel therapeutics. Despite encouraging developments, issues such as delivery methods and off-target effects continue to impede clinical translation efforts. This study emphasises the need for more research to fully utilise the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of lncRNAs in lung disorders.