From barrier to driver: a multi-method investigation on participation intentions in virtual vs. actual golf

With digital sports becoming a new driving force for consumption, the participation mode of golf is becoming increasingly diversified. This study examines the determinants of participation intention in virtual and actual golf using SEM and fsQCA. Results showed that interpersonal support and information support positively influence participation intention in both modes, while convenience support significantly affects virtual golf only. Perceived barriers negatively impact actual golf participation but positively influence virtual golf participation, highlighting virtual golf’s role as an alternative due to its convenience and cost-effectiveness. Mediation analysis reveals that self-efficacy and positive emotions mediate the effects of support factors on participation intention. Configurational analysis further uncovers the distinct driving paths for different participation modes. Actual golf relies more on self-efficacy and emotional drivers, while virtual golf exhibits diverse paths involving technological, social, and emotional compensations. This study provides theoretical insights for promoting golf participation and offers practical suggestions.