Nanomaterials in energy storage and conversion devices

Because of their remarkable tunability in composition, electronic structure, defect chemistry, and interfacial architecture, nanomaterials have become important facilitators of next-generation electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies. The multiscale interactions that control performance, scalability, and commercialisation are only partially integrated in the studies that are now available, despite the rapid advancements. These reviews mostly look at material classes or specific device technologies in isolation. This review introduces the Integrated Nanomaterials Design Framework (INDF/SIPP), a unified framework that methodically connects composition, synthesis, microstructure, defects, interfaces, transport phenomena, electrochemical mechanisms, device performance, sustainability, and commercialisation to close this gap. Rather than a descriptive survey, this review develops a mechanistic understanding of how rational nanomaterials engineering controls electron and ion transport, catalytic activity, structural evolution, and long-term stability across batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, water electrolysers, metal-air batteries, and electrochemical CO2 conversion systems. The emerging potential of foundation models, graph neural networks, generative artificial intelligence, inverse materials design, autonomous laboratories, and digital twins as transformational tools for predictive materials discovery and rapid optimisation is evaluated critically. To bridge laboratory innovation and industrial implementation, the evaluation also examines life-cycle assessment, circular economy initiatives, sustainable manufacturing, and technology preparedness.