Roadmap Challenges and Opportunities in 2D Materials: An Indian Perspective

Two-dimensional (2D) materials (Graphene, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (MX 2 ), hBN) have emerged as exciting materials for discovering novel physical phenomena, and have great potential for electronic and optoelectronic devices, as well as energy and catalysis applications. Further, materials such as Cr 2 X 2 Te 6 (X = Si, Ge), VSe 2 , Fe 3 GeTe 2 , CrX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and MPX 3 (M = Mn, Fe, V, Zn, Co, Ni, Cd, Mg; X = S, Se) have emerged as fascinating platforms for 2D magnetism. The heterostructures of these 2D materials, and the twist angle between layers are opening new possibilities of studying the effect of Moiré potential, exotic topological phases, magnetic-proximity effects, and strong correlations. At the same time, the research is leading towards many application-based directions such as in excitonics, valleytronics, straintronics, and quantum technologies. In this context, growth of novel 2D materials and heterostructures, as well as large scale growth becomes critically important. This roadmap aims to provide a comprehensive overview of 2D materials research in India and across the globe. The roadmap is broadly divided into six themes: 1. Topology in 2D Materials, Magnetism, Exotic Physics and Emergent Phenomena; 2. Moiré Physics in 2D Heterostructures; 3. Excitonic Physics and Optical properties, including Defects; 4. Transport Phenomena in 2D Materials; 5. 2D Materials Synthesis and Growth; and 6. 2D Materials Electrical Devices and Applications. This roadmap highlights the cutting edge-research being done by Indian and global researchers, emphasizes the challenges, and suggests possible technological solutions.