Measuring proprioception after stroke: A scoping review of bedside and technology-assisted assessments

Background: Proprioceptive deficits affect 34-64% of stroke survivors, significantly impacting motor recovery and functional independence. Despite its clinical importance, proprioception assessment remains challenging, with limited standardization across measurement approaches. Methods: A scoping review following PRISMA-ScR guidelines was conducted. Seven databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, PEDro, Web of Science) were searched from 2000-2025. Studies examining proprioception assessment in adult stroke survivors were included. Data were extracted on study characteristics, assessment methods, psychometric properties, and clinical applicability. Results: Bedside tools demonstrated good reliability (ICC 0.73-0.96), they showed ceiling effects and limited sensitivity. Technology-assisted methods provided superior precision and continuous measurement but faced implementation barriers in clinical settings. Conclusion: Current proprioception assessment methods show complementary strengths and limitations. Bedside tools offer clinical feasibility but lack sensitivity for subtle deficits. Technology-assisted methods provide precise quantification but require validation for routine clinical use.