Isolation, characterization and evaluation of antiurolithiatic phytoconstituents from Moringa oleifera

Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing tree, rich in secondary metabolites, and it grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.It is reported to treat more than 300 diseases.Kidney stone formation affects approximately 12% of the global population.Crude extracts of different parts of M. oleifera Lam. are reported to possess antiurolithiatic potential.This study aimed to explore the phytochemicals responsible for the antiurolithiatic property present in the seeds.In this research work, 30% aqueous methanolic seed extract was fractionated with non-polar to polar solvents using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water.Thin layer chromatography of fractions led to combine and subject to chromatograph the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions over silica, which resulted in the isolation of two compounds characterized through UV, FT-IR, 1 H NMR, and 13 C NMR. Furthermore, these compounds were evaluated for their antiurolithiatic potential, Niazimicin via in vivo and Niazimicin and Wajidinol via in vitro methods using Cystone, a herbal medicine, as a standard drug.Spectroscopic data helped to elucidate the compounds as Niazimicin, a thiocarbamato aromatic rhamnoside, while the second compound was thiocarbamato aromatic glucoside, named as Wajidinol.Both compounds inhibited CaOx nucleation, aggregation, and crystal growth, with Niazimicin showing greater activity.At the highest tested concentration, Niazimicin and Wajidinol, tested at 100-1000µg/mL, inhibited nucleation, aggregation, and crystal growth by 65.6±3.1% and 54.9±0.8%,75.2±0.5% and 57.2±3.4%, and 66.7±0.9% and 55.9±2.2% as compared to Cystone with the dose of 100-1000µg/mL, which showed 69.3±2.3%, 80.4±0.3%, and 71.7±0.9%,respectively.While in experimental nephrolithiasis, Niazimicin further produced significant improvements in ethylene glycolinduced urolithiasis by reducing calcium oxalate crystalluria and improved in selected biochemical markers.The current research work clearly indicated that M. oleifera seeds contain secondary metabolites, consisting of thiocarbamate moieties, which demonstrated CaOx crystallization-modifying activity in vitro and preliminary activity against crystalluria in vivo.Further adequately powered studies are warranted to establish their therapeutic relevance in CaOx nephrolithiasis.