Impact of Genetic Variants on Drug Efficacy and Safety in Cardiovascular, Neurological, Pain Management, and Oncological Treatments: A Pharmacogenetic Analysis of Three Case Studies

Pharmacogenetics studies varying reactions to drugs at the individual level, which forms the basis for personalised medicine. We investigated the effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in important genes (HMGCR, SLCO1B1, VKORC1, CYP2C19, DPYD, MTHFR, and others) related to the efficacy, safety, and adverse effects of a series of cardiovascular, neurological, pain, and oncological drugs, including statins, anticoagulants, antidepressants, opioids, and chemotherapy. This study provides valuable information about their therapeutic approaches, refines dosing regimens, and minimises drug-related complications via pharmacogenetic markers. These results highlight an urgent need for clinical implementation of pharmacogenetic testing to take a step towards better precision medicine in patient care through improved efficacy and safety of medication and to prevent adverse drug reactions.