The Journey of Newcastle Disease Virus Across the Indonesian Archipelago

Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), remains a major threat to poultry production, food security, and livelihoods worldwide. ND was first recognized in Java, Indonesia, in 1926, followed by its description in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, in 1927. Since then, ND has been repeatedly detected in Indonesian poultry systems, including free-range, backyard, and commercial production, with outbreaks causing substantial mortality and economic losses. Indonesia's archipelagic geography, extensive poultry movement and marketing networks, and heterogeneous production systems create complex conditions for virus persistence and dissemination. This review summarizes the century-long journey (1926-2026) of NDV in Indonesia, highlighting its historical emergence, epidemiological evolution, genetic diversity, and control strategies. Molecular epidemiological studies demonstrate substantial genetic diversity, with virulent genotype VII viruses frequently associated with contemporary outbreaks, while genotypes I, II, VI, and XIII have also been reported in Indonesian domestic and wild birds. The evidence supports repeated endemic circulation and ongoing viral evolution across Indonesia, emphasizing the importance of continuous molecular surveillance to monitor viral diversity and inform control strategies. Understanding the long-term epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of NDV in Indonesia provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying viral emergence and persistence in a unique geographical location. Strengthening representative genomic surveillance, improving vaccination implementation, and enhancing regional cooperation across Southeast Asia will be critical for mitigating the future impact of ND on poultry production and food security.