Properties and Durability of Mine Tailings Geopolymer Bricks: A Systematic Review

Traditional masonry production is energy intensive and faces significant construction challenges, driving the need for modern brick wall materials that incorporate technological advances through safe, cement-free, and unbaked alternatives. Alkali-activated geopolymers derived from mine tailings represent a promising solution for sustainable construction. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines across Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore, identified 1131 records and selected 16 primary reports (15 independent studies). The findings reveal a predominance of iron (n = 10) and copper (n = 5) tailings, primarily activated using binary systems (Na2SiO3 + NaOH). Ambient curing (n = 10) proved effective for producing high-performance units (compressive strength ranging from 5.48 to 50.53 MPa) without requiring continuous heat treatment. The addition of reactive co-precursors compensates for the low reactivity of the tailings, while leaching tests confirm the effective immobilization of heavy metals. By meeting structural and building envelope requirements such as load bearing capacity, dimensional stability, and durability, these waste materials successfully substitute for virgin raw materials in wall construction. In conclusion, geopolymer technology addresses key construction challenges, fostering decarbonization and the circular economy.