Current Trends In The Biology Of Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Cellular, Molecular, And Translational Perspectives

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a biologically mediated process initiated by mechanical forces on teeth, resulting in remodelling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have substantially deepened understanding of the mechanobiological mechanisms underlying OTM. Current research emphasises osteocytes' central role as mechanosensors, the importance of inflammatory and immune responses, and the elaborate signalling networks that regulate bone resorption and formation. Notable emerging areas include autophagy, extracellular matrix remodelling, chronobiology, systemic immune interactions, and translational approaches to accelerate tooth movement. This review integrates contemporary evidence on the biological basis of OTM, focusing on recent developments and future directions that may improve the efficiency, predictability, and biological safety of orthodontic treatment.