Cardiorespiratory monitoring: from laboratory to space

This systematic review focuses on the latest developments and challenges in cardiorespiratory monitoring technology, capable of functioning in the unique conditions of space to ensure the health and safety of astronauts during prolonged missions. The review highlights development of unobtrusive wearable devices that can monitor vital functions continuously without impacting astronaut performance based on different principles, such as electrical or mechano-acoustic. The article discusses the technical requirements, design considerations, and the operational challenges these devices face, such as electromagnetic interference, physical durability, and the need for non-intrusiveness. Future directions emphasize advancements in textile-integrated sensors and nano-engineered materials or integrating machine learning algorithms for real-time analysis of the multimodal data. This review serves as a critical resource for researchers and engineers in the field of aerospace medicine and bioengineering, providing insights into the evolution of cardiorespiratory monitoring techniques from Earth to the extreme environment of space.