The roles and experiences of non-religious and faith-based chaplains in multi-belief healthcare chaplaincy teams in England

Non-religious chaplains, including many who identify as humanist, are a relatively recent addition to healthcare chaplaincy teams in England since 2016. This study surveyed 108 healthcare chaplains (64 faith-based and 44 non-religious) about perceptions of the chaplain’s role and approach to care, and the opportunities and challenges of working in multi-belief teams. Quantitative findings showed that faith-based respondents were predominantly in salaried positions, whereas non-religious respondents were predominantly in voluntary and limited-hours roles. Both groups supported diversifying chaplaincy to serve people of all faiths and beliefs, although views differed about merit-based recruitment, and the extent to which chaplaincy should remain affiliated with religion. Reflexive thematic analysis of qualitative data identified four themes: the chaplain’s role; chaplaincy's unique selling points; experience of a multi-belief team; and chaplaincy support in practice. Faith-based and non-religious chaplains described compassionate, presence-based, and non-judgemental care grounded in the patient’s worldview, drawing on secular, philosophical, or religious traditions. Chaplaincy’s distinctiveness lies in engaging patients’ beliefs and values and, when required, providing prayer or rituals. Multi-belief teams offer learning and inclusivity, but also tensions requiring negotiation. Overall, non-religious chaplains broaden chaplaincy’s reach and model plural and inclusive spiritual care, but efforts in hiring, training, and team culture are needed to fully integrate their contributions.