The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the Emerging New World Order

This article examines the evolution of Saudi Arabia's foreign policy in the context of the Kingdom's transformation under Saudi Vision 2030 and the emergence of a multipolar international order. The study argues that while Saudi Vision 2030 has become a key driver of Saudi foreign policy, it should be understood as one of several determinants shaping Riyadh's external behaviour. The Kingdom's foreign policy continues to be guided by long-term strategic objectives, including regime security, national sovereignty, regional leadership, and the preservation of stability. The analysis explores the evolution of Saudi foreign policy after 2015, with particular attention to its regional and global dimensions. It demonstrates that Saudi Arabia has gradually shifted from an interventionist and military-oriented approach towards a more pragmatic strategy based on diplomacy, economic statecraft, and multi-alignment. The article further analyses Saudi Arabia's relations with major global powers, including the United States, China, and Russia, as well as its engagement with regional actors and multilateral organisations. The study concludes that Saudi Arabia seeks to maximise its strategic autonomy and strengthen its position as a leading middle power capable of shaping both the regional security architecture and the emerging multipolar international order.