Exosome-Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery: Engineering Approaches, Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Challenges

Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm, have emerged as extremely promising targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) due to their poor immunogenicity, organic biocompatibility, and unique ability to cross rigid Barriers include the barrier between the blood and the brain.This review presents a complete analysis of exosomes as movable nanocarriers, defining their structural components (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and categorizing them as natural, modified, or manufactured. We evaluate current isolation methods , such as size-exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and microfluidics, as well as endogenous and exogenous drug-loading methods including sonication and electroporation. Additionally, exosome-based DDSs' medicinal properties are being examined in a range of disease settings, including oncotherapy, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and bacterial infections, along with the clinical administration routes. Eventually, we examine crucial translational issues such as low purification yields, structural heterogeneity, and scale-up standardization in accordance using GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) regulations. Finally, this study examines the evolution of modified exosomes from laboratory inventions to next-generation clinical therapies.