Risk level of blockchain-related barriers in contract management within the Polish construction industry

A significant research gap exists in understanding how blockchain-related barriers affect contract management in the Polish construction industry, particularly in terms of the risks that these barriers pose to implementation. The aim of this study was to identify the key barriers to blockchain adoption and to evaluate the risk level associated with each barrier. Using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach, a systematic review of the literature published between 2015 and 2024 was conducted to identify blockchain adoption barriers relevant to contract management. Purposive and snowball sampling targeted 45 qualified construction professionals in Warsaw, and a structured, expert-validated questionnaire was used to rate each barrier based on severity, occurrence, and detection. The FMEA enabled prioritization of blockchain-related risks according to their risk priority number (RPN), distinguishing low, moderate, and high-risk barriers. The findings reveal that the shortage of blockchain experts and the complexity of blockchain models pose the highest-risk barriers, while high implementation costs and limited client interest fall within the moderate-risk category. Recommended strategies include targeted capacity-building programs, simplification of blockchain system design, and collaborative funding. By clearly distinguishing between barriers (what obstructs adoption) and risks (the potential impact of those barriers), this study provides a structured, evidence-based foundation for improving blockchain adoption and strengthening digital transformation in Polish construction contract management.