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Hemostasis is a dynamic process regulated by platelets and the coagulation cascade.However, the role of bee products on coagulation parameters is not yet fully understood.We evaluated the effects of individual and combined applications of bee products on prothrombin time (PT) using the Quick method in vitro.The bee products studied include honey, beeswax, royal jelly, propolis, bee pollen, and bee venom, examined both individually and in various combinations (double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple).Our findings revealed that the individual bee products resulted in limited changes in PT (ΔPT: 0-3 seconds), while the combinations produced significantly greater and more variable effects.Notably, PT was significantly prolonged (with a maximum increase of 33 seconds) in double and quadruple combinations that included bee venom.Interestingly, when propolis was part of a five-component combination, the PT value returned to the control level.These results indicate that the effects of bee products do not increase linearly; instead, they display synergistic, antagonistic, and modulatory interactions that depend on the
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Pak et al. (2026) studied this question.
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