Plant-Derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles: Biocompatible Vectors for Efficient Intervention of Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs), a group of diseases induced by dysfunction of the immune system, are currently prompting the search for novel intervention strategies. Recent studies have found that plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) have the potential to restore immune homeostasis. In particular, preclinical evidence indicates that PELNs can modulate the immune microenvironment, inhibit inflammatory pathways, and exert antioxidant and tissue-repair effects. Meanwhile, molecular loading, targeted modification and novel engineering strategies have significantly improved the Intervention precision of PELNs. Based on this, this review summarizes the biological functions, functional advantages, and regulatory mechanisms of PELNs in AIDs and discusses the prospects for their large-scale clinical application in terms of engineering modification, preparation standardization, and multidimensional safety assessment, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis and reference for the development of novel intervention strategies for AIDs.