Factors associated with smoking cessation success: psychological dependence, cessation challenges, and treatment modalities

Objective This study aimed to evaluate clinical and psychosocial factors associated with smoking cessation success among individuals attending a university hospital smoking cessation clinic.Methods This single-center study included 249 individuals seeking smoking cessation treatment. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), psychological dependence using the Turkish version of the Test to Assess the Psychological Dependence on Smoking (TAPDS), and smoking cessation difficulties using the Turkish version of the Challenges to Stop Smoking Scale-21 (CSS-21). All participants received Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), with additional pharmacotherapy when clinically indicated. Smoking cessation success was evaluated at six months.Results The overall cessation rate was 20.9%. Higher income level was associated with greater cessation success, whereas chronic disease and higher daily cigarette consumption negatively affected outcomes. FTND, TAPDS, and CSS-21 scores were significantly higher in participants who failed to quit smoking (p < 0.05). The highest cessation rate was observed in the CBT + cytisine group (33.3%). FTND score, TAPDS score, and treatment modality were independent predictors of cessation success.Conclusion Combined CBT and pharmacotherapy increase smoking cessation success. Comprehensive evaluation of nicotine and psychological dependence alongside the identification of challenges encountered during smoking cessation are important for improving treatment effectiveness.