Modelling the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in North Sumatra Using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB)

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia plays an essential role in supporting the transition to sustainable transportation. North Sumatra, with its rapidly growing population and urbanization process, faces challenges related to emission control and the development of environmentally friendly infrastructure. This study examines the factors that influence the intention to adopt electric vehicles, utilizing the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Data was collected from 182 respondents throughout North Sumatra using a Likert scale questionnaire and analyzed using a Partial Least Squares-based Structural Equation Model. This study explores the impact of perceived Usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on the intention to adopt electric motorcycles and cars. The findings show that Perceived Usefulness (PU), Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), and Subjective Norm (SN) have a significant influence on adoption intentions. This is because users appreciate the ease of technology. Meanwhile, Attitude (ATT) toward electric vehicles does not significantly affect adoption intention, suggesting that external factors, such as infrastructure or cost, are more influential. Within the TAM framework, PU has a greater direct influence on adoption intention than through attitude formation. Meanwhile, PEOU plays a significant role in forming positive attitudes toward electric vehicles. Within the TPB framework, adoption intention is more influenced by subjective norms and behavioral control than by personal attitudes.