A comparison of the GQ-6 and GQ-5 Ukrainian versions of the gratitude questionnaire across refugees and not-displaced

This study examines gratitude and resilience among 434 Ukrainian refugees and non-displaced individuals affected by war. Participants completed a refined 5-item Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ) and measures of resilience and affect. The 5-item model showed better fit than the original 6-item version, with metric invariance across groups. Non-displaced participants reported higher gratitude and positive affect, while resilience levels were similar, suggesting it may be a stable personal resource regardless of displacement. Gratitude emerged as a potential protective factor, fostering resilience, reducing stress, and promoting social bonds in adverse contexts. Limitations include self-reported data and age differences between groups. Findings support the GQ-5 as a valid tool in conflict settings and highlight the need for culturally sensitive interventions to enhance well-being in war-affected populations. This research provides actionable insights for mental health support, benefiting both refugees and those remaining in conflict zones.