CHROMA-MILL: Joint Low-Light Enhancement and White Balance under Colored Illumination

Capturing an image in a low-light environment produces a weak, noisy sensor signal. Low-light image enhancement (LLIE) aims to restore it. Auto white balance (AWB) is also required for every image, and the same noisy signal degrades its ability to infer the scene illuminant. LLIE is typically performed first, followed by AWB, but this strategy remains largely unexamined because existing low-light datasets span a narrow range of illuminants and lack illuminant ground truth for evaluating AWB. We address this with CHROMA-MILL, a RAW dataset of 50 scenes captured with a DSLR and smartphone under four calibrated illuminants at eleven intensity levels. Because light is additive, we blend these captures in the linear RAW domain to synthesize physically valid illuminant mixtures with exact chromaticity ground truth. Benchmarking on this data, we find joint correction is best, and introduce CTI-Retinexformer, which supervises an illumination map, a chromaticity prediction, and an illumination-invariant scene embedding, outperforming the best cascade by 0.7 dB PSNRL and 1.1 ΔE₀₀.