Biochemical composition and elemental analysis of the endangered fish Tor putitora (Hamilton) with implications for human health risk

Tor putitora (Hamilton) is a highly preferred food fish listed as an endangered species. Fish specimens from the Alaknanda River of the North-western Himalayas, were procured from the local fish market in Tilwara town, Rudraprayag, to evaluate chemical parameters, macroelements, and the concentrations of four trace metals viz. iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb) in muscle tissue across three different seasons. Additionally, potential health risks associated with fish consumption were assessed considering the target hazard quotient (THQ) and target carcinogenic risk (TR), and average daily intake (ADI). Seasonal variation in body composition was observed, with the highest levels of protein (20.04%), lipid (7.91%), and carbohydrates (2.11%) recorded in the summer season (March to June). The concentrations of metal in the fish muscle tissue (wet weight) ranged from 15.33 to 23.67 mg 100 g-1 for Fe, 0.425 to 0.788 mg 100 g-1 for Cu, 2.067 to 4.530 mg 100 g-1 for Zn, and 0.374 to 0.469 mg 100 g-1 for Pb. All detected metal concentrations were within the permissible limits set by the FAO and WHO. THQ values (<1) and TR values (<10-6) indicated no significant noncarcinogenic or carcinogenic risk associated with consumption of fish from the Alaknanda River. The findings of the present study suggest a favourable environmental status and healthy fish population in the Alaknanda River of the North-western Himalayas.