Genetic diversity in fatty acid composition and multivariate classification of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) germplasm for improved nutritional quality and yield

Oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the highest oil-yielding crop globally; however, its relatively high saturated fatty acid content remains a nutritional concern. Expanding the genetic base through diverse germplasm offers opportunities to improve oil quality without compromising yield. In this study, 102 African oil palm germplasm accessions from Tanzania and Zambia were evaluated under Indian conditions to test the hypothesis that oil quality traits can be improved independently of yield. Substantial variation was observed, with palmitic acid ranging from 26.33 to 61.64% and iodine value (IV) from 32.13 to 68.14 g I₂/100 g oil, indicating wide diversity in saturation levels. Free fatty acid content (0.77–27.60%) and carotene levels (51.89–1359.24 mg kg⁻¹) also showed considerable variation, reflecting differences in oil stability and nutritional potential. Fresh fruit bunch yield ranged from 23 to 187 kg palm⁻¹ year⁻¹. Correlation analysis revealed strong relationships among fatty acid components, while yield showed minimal association with oil quality traits (|r| < 0.10), supporting their relative independence. Multivariate analyses classified the germplasm into distinct groups, with one cluster characterized by higher oleic acid content, improved nutritional indices, and comparable yield. Canonical discriminant analysis confirmed this classification with an accuracy of 93.14%. The results demonstrate that African germplasm of oil palm provides valuable variation for improving fatty acid composition and nutritional quality without major yield penalties. The identified germplasm represents promising donor lines for further evaluation in breeding programs. However, multi-environment validation and genetic analysis are required to confirm trait stability and breeding potential.