A Carrier’s Liability for the Carriage of Goods by Sea

The article examines the liability of the carrier in the context of sea cargo transportation under the Russian legal system as a special civil liability of a professional participant in the circulation of goods. The article shows the relationship between the general provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on transportation and the carrier’s liability and the special norms of the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation, which regulate the grounds for liability and exemption from it, the limits of liability in monetary units, as well as the specifics of the distribution of the burden of proof. Special attention is paid to liability for late delivery, loss, shortage, and damage to the cargo, including the mechanism of limitation and the loss of the right to limit liability in the event of intent or gross negligence. The procedural prerequisites for the protection of rights have been analyzed. Proposals for improving the current regulatory framework have been formulated.