Fabrication of kenaf‐derived nanocellulose carriers via adsorption and encapsulation techniques for chemical and biological pesticide delivery

This study investigates the fabrication of sustainable pesticide delivery systems using kenaf‐derived cellulose nanofiber as a green nanocarrier through two formulation approaches; physical adsorption and encapsulation. For chemical pesticide delivery, temephos are impregnated onto kenaf cellulose nanofiber via an acetone‐assisted physical adsorption technique, enabling efficient loading without altering the nanofiber structure. For biological pesticide delivery, bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is encapsulated within a kenaf cellulose nanofiber–carboxymethyl cellulose composite cross‐linked with citric acid to enhance matrix stability and regulate spore release. Both formulations are successfully prepared and characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, confirming their surface morphology and structural integrity. The results demonstrate effective pesticide loading and well‐formed spore microstructures. Kenaf‐derived cellulose nanofiber functions as an eco‐friendly and efficient delivery platform, providing distinct strategies suitable for both chemical and biological agents. The findings highlight the potential of bio‐based nanomaterials in developing sustainable, biodegradable, and high‐performance pesticide delivery systems for safer vector control applications.