Developing a Circular Economy Model for the Bauxite – Alumina – Aluminum Value Chain: A Case Study of the Thaco Alumina Complex in Vietnam

The bauxite – alumina – aluminum industry plays an important role in industrial development while simultaneously creating substantial demand for natural resources and energy and generating significant waste streams, particularly red mud during alumina production. This study develops a circular economy model for the bauxite – alumina – aluminum value chain that seeks to optimize resource use, reduce waste and emissions, and increase product value. Based on an analysis of the technological chain from bauxite mining and beneficiation through Bayer-process alumina refining, aluminum smelting, downstream processing, and recycling, the study proposes an integrated model that closes loops for water, energy, heat, CO₂, and materials. The model also extends the value chain through deeper processing of aluminum products and the development of green logistics. The results indicate that the proposed model can establish a circular industrial ecosystem, improve resource-use efficiency, reduce waste generation and greenhouse-gas emissions, and increase the economic value captured from bauxite resources.