A critical review on the multidimensional utility of Orchidaceae in medicine, food and cosmetics

Orchids, traditionally prized for their ornamental value, are increasingly recognised for their multifaceted applications in medicine, food and cosmetics. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, orchids possess significant pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and therapeutic potential due to their diverse repertoire of bioactive compounds. They also contribute to the fragrance and cosmetic industries, support biodiversity conservation and offer substantial economic opportunities through commercial cultivation and value-added products. Although several reviews have focused on the medicinal or phytochemical aspects of orchids, a comprehensive evaluation integrating their pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food and cosmeceutical potential remain limited. This critical review provides a multidisciplinary perspective by consolidating current knowledge on the therapeutic, nutritional and cosmetic applications of Orchidaceae. Particular attention is given to the biochemical and phytochemical composition of orchids, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, bibenzyls, phenanthrenes and other polyphenolic compounds. These bioactive constituents underpin a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, thereby supporting their relevance in health-promoting applications. The review further identifies key orchid genera and species with promising potential across different application domains, providing a framework for targeted utilisation and research. Overall, this work highlights the underexplored potential of orchids as sustainable, high-value bioresources. It underscores the need for systematic research, conservation strategies and standardisation of orchid-derived bioactive extracts to facilitate their integration into pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical industries.