Gender differences in soccer penalty shootouts: a comparison of women's and men's goal-targeting patterns

The competition between the players during penalty kicks has been extensively studied in men's soccer, but almost entirely neglected in the women's game. This study investigates gender differences in penalty-kick choices during shootouts in top international competitions. Using an objective coding method, each kick was analyzed based on the exact location of the ball when crossing the line. The findings reveal both similarities and differences in kicking patterns. Players of both genders tended to favor low, flat kicks to the right side of the goal (as seen from the goalkeeper's perspective), whereas male players demonstrated a stronger tendency to aim higher, which may be associated with gendered norms surrounding risk-taking behavior. Examining these potential associations represents a promising direction for future research. In addition, recent advances in AI-based motion analysis and neuropsychological research may provide opportunities to explore the movement and decision-making processes underlying penalty-kick selection. The study concludes with practical implications for coaching, training, and psychological preparation aimed at improving penalty performance for both male and female players.