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This study examines which configurations of organizational capabilities support citizen development in conversational artificial intelligence (AI) system projects. We conceptualize citizen developers as non-IT employees who can contribute directly to application creation through low-code/no-code (LC/NC) and related user-oriented development tools. Drawing on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and critical success factor (CSF) research, we analyzed 38 complete organizational/project-level survey cases using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Project success is treated as a calibrated outcome based on respondents’ assessments of conversational-interface performance and attitude. The analysis identifies three sufficient configurations, Technological Autarky, Collaborative Capability, and Holistic Agility. None of the six organizational capability conditions alone are a necessity criterion, however different bundles of technological, managerial, organizational, environmental, and user-oriented conditions are sufficient for high membership in the success outcome. The study contributes a configurational explanation of citizen development in conversational AI by showing how organizational capabilities can substitute for or complement one another across alternative pathways to project success.
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Grützner et al. (2026) studied this question.
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