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Diabetic osteoporosis is characterized by impaired bone homeostasis and immune dysregulation. We investigated how fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) modulates microbial metabolism, immune signaling, and bone remodeling using a pilot clinical cohort and diabetic mouse models. The clinical component was treated as a safety/feasibility study with exploratory longitudinal BMD and serum biomarker endpoints. In experimental DOP models, FMT improved bone microarchitecture and reduced inflammatory and bone-resorption markers. Descriptive analysis of external PBMC scRNA-seq data (GSE274561) provided immune-cell context, while an independently replicated external splenic CD4
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Lu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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