Diabetes_Mellitus_in_Children

This narrative review summarizes diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents, covering its causes and development, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and long-term medical follow-up. It discusses type 1 and type 2 diabetes, monogenic and secondary forms, diabetic ketoacidosis, glucose monitoring, insulin therapy, and screening for complications and associated conditions. The review also includes epidemiological information from Kyrgyzstan. The review is based on ISPAD’s 2022 clinical practice guidelines, the American Diabetes Association’s 2026 Standards of Care, and selected epidemiological studies and clinical trials. It is a narrative synthesis rather than a systematic review: it did not use a formal systematic search protocol, quality appraisal, or meta-analysis. No patient-level data were generated. Figures are original illustrations based on cited sources; Figures 3 and 5 are conceptual schematics.